Second, we used DSM-IV defined cases of heroin dependence and general population controls gathered from Australian datasets, many of which are deposited in dbGaP (accession number phs000277.v1.p1). We henceforth refer to them as the Australian Heroin Dependence Study. A subset of this case-control cohort and descriptions of the study design have been previously described (10). Our final analysis dataset totaled 5,120 Australians of European ancestry (1,976 cases and 3,144 controls, see Table S2 and Supplemental Methods).
