There is strong evidence that alcohol-related health effects differ between men and women (Klatsky and Udaltsova 2007; Zheng, Erzurumluoglu, Elsworth et al. 2017), therefore stratified analyses were run in the NHIS data (Figure 4) and in the VA data. The results from the stratified analysis in the VA data are not shown because extremely wide confidence intervals in women suggest lack of power. Increased mortality risk was seen with daily or near daily non-binge drinking in both men and women, although men and women differed with respect to the non-binge drinking frequency at which all-cause and cardiovascular mortality risks were minimized: for all-cause mortality the minimum risk for women was at a lower frequency of drinking (1–2 drinks 2.7 times weekly) compared to men (1–2 drinks 3.4 times weekly). For cardiovascular mortality, the gender differences were reversed, with the minimum risk for women being 1–2 drinks 4.3 times weekly and for men 1–2 drinks 4.0 times weekly. With respect to cancer mortality, minimum risk was drinking 1–2 drinks once monthly for both women and men, the minimum frequency for current
