following cannabis abstinence [91, 98, 141, 153]. Moreover, when an individual meets PTSD criteria and concurrently uses cannabis, they typically experience increased withdrawal and craving [8]. Other studies either show mixed support for both the potential harms [26, 62, 104, 148], the therapeutic benefits, of which mostly involves improvements in sleep-related outcomes [18, 45, 64, 124], or show lack of association between PTSD outcomes and cannabis use [80]. There is mixed data for the use of cannabis as a therapeutic treatment for PTSD. A randomized, double-blind, cross-over study describes therapeutic effects of nabilone (target dose of 3 mg daily for 7 weeks), a synthetic cannabinoid that mimics the effects of THC, for nightmares, global functioning and overall well-being in comparison to placebo [78]. Another study showed similar improvements following nabilone administration; however, this was a retrospective design [18]. Another study examined the administration of THC in patients with PTSD, describing favourable results in a sample of 10 participants [124]. To note, nearly half of the studies that assess cannabis use in PTSD, as well as its potential therapeutic effects, were conducted in U.S. military veterans, who exhibit high comorbidities of cannabis use and CUD, commonly reporting the use of cannabis
