Participants were interviewed at follow-up using the Treatment Services Review (TSR; McLellan, Alterman, Cacciloa, Metzger, & O’Brien, 1992) to assess treatment services used in the previous 14 days. The TSR measures use of services in each of seven areas: psychiatric, medical, legal, employment, family, drug treatment, and alcohol treatment. A total score for each area is created by summing the items that relate to treatment utilization. Total substance misuse treatment utilization was calculated by summing the eight items from the alcohol scale and the nine items from the drug scale that relate to treatment utilization. We selected the 14-day interview because of its demonstrated test–retest reliability and criterion validity in past research (McLellan et al., 1992).
