Given that internalizing problems (e.g., depression and anxiety) and externalizing disorders such as conduct disorder are associated with both parental separation (Amato, 2001; Fergusson et al., 1994) and early initiation of alcohol use (King, Iacono, & McGue, 2004; Kuperman et al., 2005) we included the internalizing and externalizing scales from the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach, 1979) in our adjusted models. Parents reported on this at both time points (retest r=.67 for internalizing and r=.81 for externalizing). We calculated the mean of the two reports.
