age range. Relatedly, the ECOT model may not be sensitive enough to uncover bidirectional effects of very small magnitude (Narusyte et al., 2008). Although simulation analysis showed that we had adequate power to detect the effects found in this report with the current sample size (N=2498, power = .95) we were underpowered to detect bidirectional effects of lower magnitude (power = .63). Thus we urge caution in concluding that evocative effects do not play a role. Finally, the present study used samples comprised of adolescents without elevated symptoms of externalizing behavior, making the findings generalizable to normatively developing adolescents. It is possible that the association would have different underlying mechanisms among samples with clinical levels of externalizing behavior. In future studies, the ECOT model could be extended to testing the mechanisms of associations between parenting and adolescent behavior in samples with elevated levels of problems.
