The final sample included 1347 individuals (53% female), of which 5% (n = 67) met diagnostic criteria for ASPD (64% male). Total aggression scores for those with and without ASPD were significantly different across all informants (Table 1). Furthermore, most mean differences remained significant when the sexes were analyzed separately. Regarding the informant differences in direct aggression scores, males consistently had significantly higher direct aggression scores than females (Online Resource 2). For indirect aggression, however, trends were less uniform.Table 1Total aggression mean score comparisons from different informants by ASPD diagnosis and sexInformant (age of participant)SexASPD N/total NNo ASPDASPDp valueaEffect SizebParent (12)Combined64/12780.580.710.0080.32Female21/6680.540.650.094Male43/6100.620.740.074Teacher (12)Combined65/13020.611.00<0.0010.61Female23/6900.520.690.181Male42/6120.721.17<0.001Teacher (14)Combined49/10130.290.72<0.0010.94Female17/5460.220.500.053Male32/4670.380.83<0.001Self (14)Combined63/13120.460.75<0.0010.80Female24/6950.390.630.007Male39/6170.540.82<0.001Co-Twin (14)Combined54/12080.570.91<0.0010.69Female20/6470.480.760.033Male34/5610.670.990.002aMean differences evaluated using adjusted Wald testbCohen’s d
