As shown in table 1, without adjusting for covariates (e.g., sociodemographic and personality variables or a history of psychopathology), women with histories of regular smoking were five to six times more likely to report histories of alcohol dependence in the 1992–1994 survey compared with women who reported not smoking. In addition, men with histories of regular smoking were approximately two times more likely to report alcohol dependence compared with men who reported not smoking. Thus, the association between smoking and alcohol dependence was significantly stronger in women (the odds ratio, a measure of the strength of the association between two binary variables, was 5.9) than in men (an odds ratio of 3.0).
