The present study also included socio-demographic characteristics such age, gender, race/ethnicity, parental education and occupation, and family income, which are known to have influence on adolescent binge drinking. Parental alcoholism was examined by responses to whether the biological mother or biological father “has alcoholism,” and was dichotomized into “yes, at least one biological parent has alcoholism” and “neither parent has alcoholism.” Parental monitoring, measured by whether parents work outside the home or not, was used. Parental alcoholism, education and income were based on parental respondent, not child self-report.
