2020), and nicotine has also an anti-inflammatory potential (Polosa and Caci, 2020). There are few data concerning the sole effect of nicotine (substitute treatments) and its interaction with the ACE. Studies on the effects of e-cigarettes' electronic nicotine delivery systems (e-cigarettes, vaping) on RAS are inconclusive and also lead to controversies (Leung and Sin, 2020; Majmundar et al., 2020; Pino et al., 2020). Health providers in the US question whether the vaping epidemic might have contributed to the large amount of hospitalizations for COVID-19 among young individuals (Pino et al., 2020). Anyway, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor could play a key role in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 infection and might represent a target for the prevention and control of the disease (Changeux et al., 2020). This idea began to spread and some argue that COVID-19 is a disease of the nicotinic system (Farsalinos et al., 2020a).
