Memory testing was performed in a Y-Maze where flies were given a choice between the paired and unpaired odor. Conditioned preference index was calculated by counting the number of flies that moved toward the paired odor, subtracting the flies that moved toward the unpaired odor, and dividing that number by the total number of flies. The average conditioned preference index for pair of reciprocal tests was used as biological n = 1 for each genotype. Odor controls were performed similarly, but with preference indices corresponding to the number of flies facing a choice of either an odor (ethyl acetate or isoamyl alcohol) or no odor.