One of the most common neurocognitive findings among those exposed to alcohol during pregnancy is diminished intellectual capacity. The majority of individuals diagnosed with FAS are not intellectually disabled (defined as overall IQ score < 70 and adaptive disability), and intellectual disability is not a necessary criterion for the diagnosis of FAS. However, FAS is considered one of the leading identifiable causes of mental retardation (i.e., intellectual disability, Abel & Sokol, 1987; Pulsifer, 1996). Many affected individuals exhibit impaired intellectual abilities, even in the absence of facial features (i.e., smooth philtrum, short palpebral fissures, and thin vermillion) and growth retardation (Dalen, Bruaroy, Wentzel-Larsen, & Laegreid, 2009; Mattson, Riley, Gramling, Delis, & Jones, 1997), although children with a diagnosis of FAS tend to have more severe impairments than those who were exposed prenatally to alcohol but do not have sufficient dysmorphic features for a diagnosis (Mattson, et al., 1997). One study indicated that children with FAS have mean IQ scores significantly lower than those with partial FAS and ARND, who do not differ significantly from one another (Chasnoff, Wells, Telford, Schmidt,
