can be imputed from observations at typed SNPs using conditional means and variances of the MVN distribution. Imputation using summary statistics recovers >80% of the information from imputation using individual-level data at common variants14–16, and is practical and efficient since the imputed summary statistics are linear combinations of the observed statistics (see Box 1). However, imputation using summary statistics cannot capture non-linear relationships between SNPs, which are modeled using haplotypes in imputation from individual-level data.
