If ODD and CD are underlying expressions of the same disorder, we would expect them to share risk factors. Risk factors for antisocial behavior have been reported across a range of domains spanning psychosocial factors (such as neighborhood characteristics), family factors (including parenting), individual factors such as hyperactivity and neurological deficits, and genetic vulnerabilities (Loeber et al., 2009). Comparisons of risk factors between CD and ODD have generally found similarities more striking than differences (Loeber et al., 2009), though some specificities have been identified (Shanahan, Copeland, Costello, & Angold, 2008). The one clear exception to this pattern is child sex. Being male appears to be a specific risk factor for CD. Rates of ODD are fairly similar in boys and girls, with perhaps a slight male majority (Nock et al., 2007), but boys have consistently been reported to be at greater risk of CD (Loeber et al., 2009; Rowe et al., 2002). Boys and girls seem largely similar in sensitivity to psychosocial risk factors for antisocial behavior, and are also similarly exposed to potential family and environmental correlates. A number
