Most scientists embrace fundamental scientific values such as disinterestedness and transparency even while believing that other scientists do not [62]. However, noble intentions may not be sufficient to decrease biases when people are not able to recognize or control their own biases [63, 64], rationalize biases through motivated reasoning [65], and are embedded in a culture that implicitly rewards the expression of biases for personal career advancement – publication over accuracy. Actual solutions should recognize the limits of human capacity to act on intentions, and nudge the incentives that motivate and constrain behavior. Figure 2 illustrates common practices and possible solutions across the workflow for addressing multiple biases, which are discussed below.
