The analysis of embryo dysmorphology was performed as described by van Maele-Fabry et al. [71] and in our previous report [29]. The morphological features of the developing embryo, including the allantois, flexion, heart, caudal neural tube, hind-brain, midbrain, forebrain, otic system, optic system, branchial bars, maxillary process, mandibular process, forelimb, hindlimb, and somites, were examined and scored for any malformations using the ordinal scales of our previous report [29]. Scores for each of the above features were typically not normally distributed, so they were analyzed statistically by the non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test. The number of somites was normally distributed, so those data were analyzed by Student's t-test, using StatView software (SAS Institute, Inc. Cary, NC).
