In contrast, we document little evidence for convergence or cross-over in alcohol use or other alcohol-related outcomes including quantity and frequency by early adulthood. The dynamics of alcohol use across race and ethnicity may be different than those related to other substance use, which may underlie the differences in results. Substantial evidence has documented that alcohol is less part of social life for Blacks compared with Whites, and used less frequently at mealtimes and as part of cultural events (Zapolski et al., 2014). Blacks in the US, on average, are more likely to affiliate with a religious organization and report that religion is a more important part of life compared with Whites (Chatters et al., 2008; Taylor et al., 1999), which robustly predicts alcohol abstention and less frequent use (Haber et al., 2011). Further, evidence indicates that Whites are more susceptible to influence from perceived (D. A. Herd, 1994; Weaver et al., 2011) and objectively-measured (Keyes et al., 2012b) social norms around alcohol use compared with Blacks, whereas the same effects are not found for other substances (Keyes et al.,
