1991) and nicotinic receptor genes (CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4) for smoking outcomes (Broms et al., 2012; Tobacco and Genetics Consortium, 2010). Unlike alcohol and smoking behaviors, where there are concrete biological links to metabolism of the substance that may predispose some individuals to be more likely to develop alcohol or nicotine dependence, conduct disorder has highly probabilistic, but not absolute, links to particular neurobiological systems. Several candidate genes for conduct disorder have been proposed and examined (Veroude et al., 2015). Owing to the growing concern over the replicability of candidate gene approaches for genetically complex traits and behaviors (Dick et al., 2015; Duncan and Keller, 2011), here we chose to highlight three candidate genes (MAOA, SLC6A4, and AVPR1A) for which there is recent meta-analytic evidence for association with phenotypes related to conduct disorder (antisocial behavior and aggression).
