disorder. In some cases the phenotypic observations, such as neuron size and detailed spine morphology, made in patient-derived neurons are entirely novel and were previously unobservable. Still, we think there is much left to be discovered especially in using hiPSCs to generate non-neuronal brain cells, or glial cells, which in fact make up at least half of brain cells 175. Additionally, investigations must be made into reducing the resource and time requirements of conducting hiPSC studies so more labs can contribute to the field with high n studies. One potential avenue through which this can be achieved is direct conversion to neurons. A challenge for this approach is, however, that the factors that are required for the determination and maintenance of defined neuronal types have not been completely elucidated, and there is the risk of creating “hybrid’ or otherwise non-physiological neurons. There are still challenges in the iPSC field that will need to be addressed in the future years, to allow greater translational potential. An obvious difficulty is to reproduce the cellular and regional complexities of the human brain. Another is the fact that iPSC-derived neurons are often “timed” to a prenatal stage. It is important to recognize these limitations,
