presence of alcoholic adult siblings (Kuperman et al., 2005). Prospective studies have identified a number of predictors of early drinking onset, including aggressiveness, oppositionality, hyperactivity/impulsivity, inattentiveness, conduct problems, low self-control in early adolescence, prior drug use, family history of alcohol use disorders, blue-collar family background (unique to girls), and being male (McGue et al., 2001a; Pitkänen et al., 2005; Trim et al., 2010). High levels of regular and pathological alcohol consumption, substance use disorders (e.g., Dawson et al., 2008; McGue et al., 2001a,b; Pitkänen et al., 2005, 2008), and other risky behaviors (e.g., fights, unprotected sex, drinking-related injuries; Hingson et al., 2000, 2001, 2003) are among the negative outcomes linked to adolescents who exhibit delinquent, norm-violating behaviors (e.g., early drinking, illicit drug use) and have attitudinal (e.g., low academic orientation) and environmental risk factors (e.g., low parental control) according to the problem behavior theory (Jessor, 1991; Jessor and Jessor, 1977).
