One such factor that has been established by research is having an alcoholic or problem drinking parent. In addition to being at high risk for developing internalizing disorders (Balsa et al., 2009; Christensen & Bilenberg, 2000; Ohannessian, 2013), research also suggests that COAs may develop externalizing disorders. For example, multiple studies have found parental problem drinking to be associated with adolescent substance use (e.g. Coffelt et al., 2006; Handley & Chassin, 2013; McCarty et al., 2013; Ohannessian, 2012).
