This literature search resulted in 109 manuscripts of which 5 meta-analyses and 13 noncue-related or inaccessible papers were excluded, leaving 91 original fMRI drug cue-reactivity articles. Of the 91 studies, 76 used visual cues [static images (n=61), video (n=11), viewing a self-holding cue (n=3), and virtual cues (i.e., 2D/3D smoking-related images and environments; n=1)]. Studies using non-visual cues [script guided imagery (n=5), taste cues (n= 3), presentation of words (n=5), odors (n=1), and infusion (n=1)] were not included in the subsequent analyses. Fifty-five of these 76 studies used a whole-brain approach.
