contribute to the LR to alcohol in both animals and humans have been identified (Barr et al., 2003; Davies et al., 2003; Schuckit et al., 2005a), and structural equation as well as latent trajectory models have identified environmental components that partially mediate how a low LR early in life contributes to later heavy drinking and associated problems (Schuckit et al., in press, a, b, 2004, 2005d; Trim et al., 2008).