Finally, the results presented here must be viewed in light of the methods used. The COGA population is historically relatively blue collar in background and the original probands (e.g., grandparents or uncles of these offspring) came from families with a high prevalence of AUDs. Thus, the generalizability of the current results needs to be established through studies of other populations. Also, while the overall sample was fairly large (N=345), the sex-based analyses dealt with more modest-sized populations, a factor that could have impacted on results. Furthermore, while the LR measure used in these analyses was a retrospective questionnaire that related to a period about four years prior to the evaluation of PEER, EXPECT, and COPE, data about the early life LR were gathered at the same time as those potential mediators, and the follow-up to determine alcohol outcomes was only two to three years. It is important to determine whether different results would be observed with a longer-term fully prospective investigation. In addition, only one measure was used for each of the domains, including LR, and, to facilitate comparisons across
