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Chunk #5 — Materials andMethods — Computer Software

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The National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health) sibling pairs genome-wide data.
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For biological relationship testing, PLINK (Purcell et al., 2007) and Kinship-based Inference for GWAS (KING; Manichaikul et al., 2010) were used. For genetic ancestry estimation, we used KING (Manichaikul et al., 2010) and ADMIXTURE (Alexander et al., 2009). R (R Core Team, 2013) was used for graphical display of ancestry information. For the estimation of heritability using genome-wide data, genome-wide complex trait analysis (GCTA; Yang et al., 2011) was used. For the genome-wide association study (GWAS) we used SAS 9.3 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA) and R. Once again, R was usedfor graphical display of the genome-wide association results.