applicable for clinicians – for example, prevalence rates of the full diagnosis of withdrawal may be lower in other populations. However, this would not have biased the variance component estimates in any particular direction. Additionally, our measurements of cannabis withdrawal, abuse, and dependence symptoms were limited by the potential for bias and inaccuracy in retrospective self-reports. Finally, the sample was predominantly Caucasian, aged 27–37 which may limit, to some extent, the generalizability of the results.