PPARγ antagonist injected into the lateral cerebroventricle, indicating a direct action of PPAR agonists in rat brain (Stopponi et al., 2011). In addition, systemic administration of PPAR agonists produces CNS effects, including improvement of cognitive function (Bhateja et al., 2012), attenuation of hyperactivity induced by early ethanol exposure (Marche et al., 2011), improvement of reduced motor activity following MPTP treatment (Kreisler et al., 2010), and neuroprotection (Bordet et al., 2006). These studies clearly demonstrate that PPAR agonists act in the brain, and Mandrekar-Colucci et al. (2013) highlight the use of PPAR agonists in neurological diseases.
