with our early onset phenotype. These are all good candidate genes; two regulate transcription (ID4, GATA4), two (ADCY3, PRKCA) regulate important second messenger systems, one (ARL6IP5) inhibits the glutamate transporter EAAC1 and one (SYNE1) is associated with autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia 8. PRKCA expression is lower in the nucleus accumbens of alcohol-preferring P rats after operant ethanol self-administration (Rodd et al., 2008), and is reduced by chronic alcohol in vertebrae of Sprague-Dawley rats after chronic binge exposure to ethanol (Himes et al., 2008). We have confirming evidence for three of these (PRKCA, ADCY3, ARL6IP5) in our African-American sample.
