Direct paths from parental knowledge to adolescent externalizing behavior (m) and from adolescent externalizing behavior to parental knowledge (n) were freely estimated. Passive rGE is indicated by the presence of genetic influences on parental knowledge in TOSS (A1), associated genetic influences on externalizing behavior in NEAD (path s), and a significant path from parental knowledge to adolescent externalizing behavior (path m). A direct environmental effect of parental knowledge on adolescents’ externalizing behavior is indicated by a significant path from parental knowledge to adolescent externalizing behavior (path m) without a significant genetic association (path s). Evocative rGE is indicated by the presence of a significant path from adolescent externalizing behavior to parental knowledge (path n) in combination with genetic influences on externalizing behavior in NEAD (either from A1’ or A2 to adolescent externalizing behavior). Detailed information about the specifications and power of the ECOT model can be found in Narusyte et al. (2008).
