recognize that no AI/AN sovereign nations participated in the HapMap or 1000 Genomes projects. Community-based participatory and strengths-based research approaches are presented as potential solutions with their focuses on partnership, education, and empowerment and resilience/protective factors. We also note that genetic studies involving indigenous groups in the U.S. can have additional challenges. Most tribes/bands/groups have significant levels of admixture that are, not only different from other tribal groups, but also from European, Asian, and African Americans. There are also federal as well as tribal criteria for determining tribal membership, often determined by blood quantum, issues not typically associated with other racial/ethnic groups.
