−8·55)*··Non-venomous animal contact0·07 (0·05 to 0·09)0·06 (0·04 to 0·08)–14·75 (−23·01 to −4·84)*–33·85 (−40·10 to −26·00)*7·11 (4·27 to 11·66)6·44 (3·79 to 10·64)–9·45 (−12·88 to −6·48)*–26·94 (−29·78 to −24·44)*··Assault by other means0·49 (0·30 to 0·70)0·41 (0·27 to 0·61)–15·12 (−27·68 to 5·98)–32·36 (−42·05 to −16·11)*79·58 (48·44 to 125·25)77·53 (46·64 to 123·06)–2·58 (−6·78 to 1·58)–20·52 (−23·97 to −17·23)*··Forces of nature, conflict and terrorism, and state actor violence0·05 (0·03 to 0·07)0·02 (0·01 to 0·03)–61·88 (−74·78 to −49·82)*–68·62 (−79·42 to −58·85)*7·32 (2·99 to 15·95)8·92 (2·89 to 21·37)21·82 (−10·52 to 35·55)1·45 (−25·71 to 12·96)3Smokeless tobacco: all causes39·05 (32·22 to 45·82)48·24 (39·35 to 56·91)23·52 (14·92 to 31·94)*–4·58 (−11·36 to 1·82)1063·08 (872·62 to 1258·43)1262·17 (1016·17 to 1498·73)18·73 (10·62 to 26·38)*–6·49 (−12·92 to −0·38)*··Lip and oral cavity cancer25·14 (19·77 to 30·36)32·14 (24·93 to 39·24)27·85 (17·75 to 37·18)*–1·25 (−9·09 to 6·14)697·47 (540·47 to 849·10)854·15 (658·17 to 1052·56)22·46 (12·41 to 31·49)*–3·28 (−11·05 to 3·85)··Oesophageal cancer13·91 (10·12 to 17·58)16·10 (11·51 to 20·45)15·71 (8·62 to 23·45)*–10·58 (−16·11 to −4·51)*365·61 (264·21 to 464·10)408·02 (289·36 to 522·28)11·60 (4·38 to 19·33)*–12·54 (−17·96 to −6·30)*3Second-hand smoke: all causes848·70 (674·54 to 1044·47)883·93 (715·08 to 1085·10)4·15 (0·25 to 8·62)*–18·91 (−21·61 to −16·21)*26 546·21 (19 817·27 to 34 362·69)23 761·45 (18 439·15 to 29 543·70)–10·49 (−16·84 to −2·78)*–24·59 (−28·47 to −20·00)*··Lower
