to continue choosing this response whether it was previously rewarded or unrewarded. The converse was true for the less profitable action, with the ACCs-lesioned animals being more likely to sustain this response than controls regardless of the outcome on the preceding trial. This adds further credence to the notion that the ACCs is crucial for allowing animals to integrate current reward information with the history of payoffs for that choice to develop and maintain ongoing contextual representations of the value of actions.