For smoking, the next step will be to translate these findings into clinical tools that can then be studied in interventions aimed at identifying smoking behavior, monitoring smoking cessation during and after treatment, and assessing risk for related health complications. For alcohol, further study and replication are needed to identify which loci should be developed for such clinical tools, but translation may occur in the near future. Other substance use disorders will require a significant increase in study and replication of any findings before translation can be considered.
