Validation studies provide evidence for excellent correlations between individually genotyped and pooled allele frequency assessments. However, the current “nontemplate” approaches and data do provide a number of differences from the “template” genome wide association approaches used in recent reports from larger projects that employ individual genotyping in studies of legal phenotypes, for example the GWA studies of complex phenotypes currently listed in dbGAP (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gap). 1a) The samples for these studies are typically compiled from recruitments at many sites. The studies typically combine subjects recruited based on multiple sets of criteria for selection. There is no indication of the fraction of individuals approached who consented. Cases are compared to controls who were almost always recruited and collected at different times and are either uncharacterized or evaluated using methods different from those applied to cases. 1b) By comparison, all of the dependent and control individuals studied in the present sample were collected at the same site, recruited in ways that result in virtually all candidates consenting to participation, and assessed using the same instruments. Controls are thus characterized in such a manner
