2001; Gilmore, Malone, Bernat, & Iacono, 2009), whereas the FRN (like the ERN) is composed more predominantly of activity in the theta (4–7 Hz) range (Gehring & Willoughby, 2004). In the current study, a recently developed TF decomposition method (Bernat, Williams, & Gehring, 2005) was used to isolate theta and delta components of the ERP response to explicit performance feedback. This method has been used previously to characterize both theta activity related to the ERN (Bernat et al., 2005; Hall et al., 2007) and delta activity underlying the P300 response (Bernat et al., 2007; Gilmore et al., 2009). To illustrate the utility of the TF approach for isolating these distinctive brain responses, the Results section includes a direct comparison of time-domain and TF approaches to the quantification of FRN and P300 responses in the current dataset.
