The challenge then is to identify and assess those dimensions of discriminatory experiences that are likely to have long-term negative effects. The stress literature suggests that several characteristics of stressors are important determinants of the long-term negative impact of stress. Stressors that are ambiguous, negative, unpredictable, and uncontrollable are particularly pathogenic (Carter 2007; Dougall et al. 1999). The intensity of the stressor also matters including how disturbing and upsetting it is (Dougall et al. 1999). The frequency and duration of stressors are also key determinants of their impact with chronic or repeated stressors or prolonged exposure being predictive of adverse effects. Such stressors or difficulties are likely to make continuing demands or pose ongoing threats (Dohrenwend 2006). The impact that the stressor has on the environment and social functioning of the individual is also important. Stressors that occur in central role areas of an individual’s life, affect multiple areas, lead to loss of resources, have objective negative impact on the normal activities of the individual, and cause a lot of change, disruption or readjustment are likely to be very consequential
