of different types of trauma, we did not present the effect of multiple types of trauma exposure (e.g. CPAT*CSAT) due to power limitations, despite evidence that children often experience multiple types of childhood abuse (Chiu et al., 2013). Future analyses that account for ‘dose’ effects (e.g. an individual who has been stabbed, shot, and mugged would have a CPAT dose of 3) and interactive effects would add further insight into our understanding of the effects of complex trauma on the developing brain. Additionally, as symptom counts reflected lifetime problems, it is unknown whether the symptoms reported reflect participants’ current state or whether they had recovered by the time of assessment. Confounding variables – This was an observational study, so we caution against any causal inferences based on the significant associations in our findings, as these associations could be attributed to third variables. There are several factors unaccounted for in the present analyses that may impact the neurodevelopmental processes examined, such as parental factors, sociodemographic factors, fetal alcohol exposure, and individual factors, including genetics and family history of alcohol problems (Pandey et al., 2020). Additional research that more comprehensively integrates the range of important factors is needed.
