The prevalence, comorbidity with other developmental conditions, demographic factors, social communication traits, and behavioral outcomes have been queried with PRS for developmental disorders such as ASD and ADHD in deeply phenotyped longitudinal cohort studies (88–90). Variants across the full spectrum of allele frequencies typically act in an additive manner, indicating that PRS alone are insufficient to fully understand genetic risk, particularly in patients with syndromic presentations (71; 73; 91). The genetic architecture of ASD and its associated risk with other psychiatric disorders have been queried both through genetic correlation and PRS (83; 84; 92). Interestingly, several previous studies have identified a positive genetic correlation between higher IQ, educational attainment, and ASD diagnosis (70; 93), despite much lower than average observed IQ and educational attainment in ASD patients (72) (Figure 5). PRS and related methods provide tools to query the pleiotropic relationship between these disorders and cognitive, behavioral, physical, and other traits.
