About 96% of the sample was geocoded to a census tract using either street address or ZIP Code centroid. Respondent data from the 2005 and 2010 NAS were then linked with data from the 2000 Decennial Census and 2010 American Community Survey (ACS), respectively, and a measure of neighborhood disadvantage was computed reflecting the proportions of adults living below poverty, adults without a high school diploma, unemployed males, and adults with working class jobs, averaged (α= 0.82; Krieger et al., 2002; Wilson, 1987). This measure was negatively correlated with median housing value (r = −0.43, p < 0.01) and positively correlated with proportion of residents receiving public assistance (r = 0.58, p < 0.01).
