Chunk #9 — RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS — Real-time quantitative PCR.

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Nicotine induces negative energy balance through hypothalamic AMP-activated protein kinase.

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We performed real-time PCR (TaqMan; Applied Biosystems, Carlsbad, CA) as described previously (8,26) using specific sets of primer probes (Supplementary Table 2). Values were expressed in relation to hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase levels.