Baseline demographic control variables included sex, age (continuous), race/ethnicity (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, Hispanic, other), and parent income (low income, low-middle income, high-middle income, high income). Final regression models also controlled for possible confounding by parent substance misuse (combined binary measure of adolescents’ reports of problem drinking or drug use for mothers or fathers). Interaction terms were constructed to assess moderation of the association between PTEs and drug use by parent substance misuse, as well as by lifetime distress disorder (DSM-IV diagnosis of social anxiety disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, dysthymia, major depression, or generalized anxiety disorder) and lifetime behavior disorder (DSM-IV diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, anorexia nervosa, bulimia, or binge eating disorder), using classifications based on prior factor analyses in this sample.51.
