EROs offer a few advantages over ERPs: (1) examining the oscillatory dynamics of EROs helps to dissect and subgroup the cognitive processes (e.g., [86,113]), especially for complex ERP components with multiple sources like P300, N400 etc. (2) correlated maps of brain regions for different cognitive processes can emerge from studying the cross frequency synchrony in EROs (e.g., [108,114,115]), (3) EROs can facilitate the understanding of how different cortical networks are integrated in response to an external stimulus and how information can be transferred between such circuits (e.g.,[87]), and (4) EROs allow for analysis of single trial epochs, which provide information about trial-by-trial variation in event-related brain dynamics, which is far superior to simple response averaging [116-119]. In a study from our lab, Chorlian et al. [120] demonstrated that single trial data enables both phase and amplitude information to be extracted and then compared across trials to determine whether amplitude or frequency modulation has occurred in bands of interest. The objective of the experiment was to produce the entrainment of alpha EEG activity by photic driving (through the use of a
