Our results on gender-specific GxE effects are consistent with the disinhibition explanation of alcohol use and the etiology of alcohol dependence. Features of the social environment, including family ties and religion, have been shown to influence alcohol phenotypes, constraining alcohol misuse and opportunities for drinking (Dick et al. 2009; Koopmans et al. 1999; Nilsson et al. 2005). On average, men with high scores on the daily uplifts scale probably perceive themselves as more financially stable, happier in their jobs, and more fulfilled in their relationships and family life compared to those with low scores. The existence of pleasurable and identity-affirming relationships and responsibilities in day-to-day life likely contributes to a sense of wellbeing and social integration. In other words, though this explanation is speculative, it is possible that these men have much to lose by engaging in problem drinking behaviors. In contrast, men reporting the lowest value for items on the uplifts scale had fewer employment, social, and family obligations and relationships than those reporting higher values. Those who are less involved with or responsible to others do not benefit
