Moreover, the residential structure of inner-city communities was vastly different based on race: poor African Americans were more likely to reside in isolated poor urban neighborhoods where a majority of residents were also unemployed and impoverished, whereas poor European Americans rarely lived in such neighborhoods (Wilson, 1987). Additionally, social services were more likely to be located in predominately European American areas compared to neighborhoods with higher concentrations of African Americans (Lin & Harris, 2009). Subsequently, the inaccessibility of resources and employment opportunities, together with the spatial concentration and social isolation of poor African Americans, resulted in the emergence of an underclass African American population.
