as in two pairs of isogenic N40D neurons generated using CRISPR gene targeting. However, we believe an analysis of 3 vs 4 unrelated donors, varying at only a single SNP, will be difficult to justify any detectable effects at the population level. Nevertheless, elucidating the molecular/cellular/synaptic mechanism(s) of N40D will reveal potential contributions to neuropsychiatric disorders, such as alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and drug use disorders (DUDs). This study, however, exemplifies the use of patient-specific iPS cells as well as gene targeted isogenic stem cell lines to advance our understanding of the fundamental cellular and synaptic alterations associated with addiction risk gene variants in a human neuronal context.
