The study of gene-environment interaction (GxE) has received increasing attention over the past decade, as there has been growing recognition that the importance of genetic influences on behavioral traits can vary considerably as a function of the environment (Dick & Kendler, 2012). This has been particularly true in the alcohol field, where the development of problems is (in some sense) contingent upon a particular environmental exposure: access to alcohol. Beyond exposure to alcohol, previous research has implicated peer deviance, parental knowledge, and stressful life events as moderators of the latent or measured genetic influence on adolescent alcohol use (Harden et al., 2008; Hicks et al., 2009; Miles et al., 2005). However, numerous statistical advances in the study of GxE have called into question the robustness of previously reported GxE findings (Rathouz et al., 2008; van der Sluis et al., 2012). In the present study, we systematically re-examined these three environmental factors (parental knowledge, peer deviance, and potentially stressful life events) using new methods that account for the potential correlation between twins’ level of the environment, unlike the statistical models that
