In the years ahead, we may move towards technology driven, modularized versions of CBT in an effort to optimize treatment and away from ‘one size fits all’ approaches toward precision behavioral intervention. For example, in developing CBT4CBT, the focus was on developing a small set of core modules, each of which would convey a fundamental cognitive and behavioral principle as clearly and effectively as possible. While each module used examples and vignettes relating specifically to drug or alcohol use, it was made explicit that each skill was generalizable to a wide range of behaviors or problems other than substance use. Thus, as shown in Figure 1, the ‘concept of functional analysis’ demonstrates understanding patterns of substance use by analyzing thoughts, feelings, and behaviors before and after an episode of substance use, but also makes clear that the same basic behavioral analysis can be used to better understand, and then change, any problematic behavior. The module ‘coping with craving’ teaches skills associated with recognizing craving for drugs and alcohol and multiple coping strategies (urge surfing, monitoring, relaxation), but also emphasizes that
