sufficient, condition for drinking to achieve the expected effects. Future research is warranted to replicate the current findings using other measures of positive and negative reinforcement such as the Drinking Motives Questionnaire (Cooper, 1994). Second, our measure of negative reinforcement was broad, including aspects of negative reinforcement related to coping with emotional challenges (e.g., to feel less anxious) as well as aspects of negative reinforcement related to reducing undesirable physical states associated with alcohol withdrawal (e.g., to sleep better). Future research is needed to examine the potentially different influences of these different aspects of negative reinforcement and examine whether there would be a change from negative reinforcement associated with coping to that associated with alcohol withdrawal as a function of AD.
