Chunk #38 — 3 Neural Substrates for the Negative Emotional State Associated with Alcoholism — 3.2 Between-System Neuroadaptations that Contribute to Compulsivity Associated with the Dark Side of Alcoholism
The brain stress system mediated by corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) systems in both the extended amygdala and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis are dysregulated by chronic administration of all major drugs with dependence or abuse potential, with a common response of elevated adrenocorticotropic hormone, corticosterone, and extended amygdala CRF during acute withdrawal from chronic drug administration (Rivier et al. 1984; Merlo-Pich et al. 1995; Koob et al 1994; Rasmussen et al. 2000; Olive et al. 2002; Delfs et al. 2000; Koob 2008a).
