stronger deterrents of risky behavior for men (Waite & Gallagher 2000). Notably, socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with health habits. Gender and race are conflated with SES, but SES does not fully account for race and gender variation in health habits (Winkleby & Cubbin 2004). Future research should clarify how different social locations give rise to variation in social ties and health habits across the life course, particularly in ways that may contribute to social disparities in health.
